Hello itchycode,
After consulting with my provider, I managed to resolve the issue.
It had something to do with the cURL extension for PHP was not installed.
By running these commands, I was able to fix it:
sudo apt-get install php-curl
sudo systemctl restart apache2 # If using Apache
# or
sudo systemctl restart nginx # If using Nginx
Adding my solution here in case someone in the future faces the same issue.